Ferdows Art

Ferdows Art

A Comparative Comparison of Individual to Collective Privacy in Traditional and Contemporary Housing "Case Study: Darogheh House and Father and Daughter House in Mashhad"

Document Type : Article Research Original

Authors
Seyedeh Maryam Mojtabavi 1
Kimia Asadi 2
1 Assistant Professor of Architecture Department, Ferdows Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
2 Architecture department, Ferdows Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran.
10.30508/fhja.2022.537299.1099
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Privacy is one of the most important features of a desirable home and one of the basic needs of people in a residential space and means a process during which a person achieves regulation of how he interacts with others and experiences self-esteem. The comfort of the family and the possibility of proper communication of its members with each other and even with other relatives, requires privacy in housing; Because housing means a place where peace and tranquility flow, requires a kind of solitude. Due to the fact that human beings need spaces with individual privacy and collective solitude, so it is necessary for a number of spaces to provide individual privacy and bring peace to human beings, and a number of spaces also provide collective privacy for communication and interaction with other family members.
Importance and necessity of conducting research: If both individual and collective privacy are not considered at the same time, human needs will not be fully met and the home space will become an inefficient environment. Therefore, it is necessary to know and study how to achieve the range of privacy in successful examples and use them to create a balance between individual and collective privacy.
Aims of the article: The purpose of this article is to identify the range of privacy in residential space and to study and compare comparative individual to collective privacy in traditional and contemporary housing.
Research Question: In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the following questions are asked: What range of privacy is needed in a residential space to meet human needs? How is individual to collective solitude realized in traditional and contemporary homes?
Research Method: According to the subject, the present research is practical in nature and qualitative in terms of method. In the first step, it has been used through library and documentary studies to reach the theoretical foundations and study the research background. The authors first traced the lexical roots of housing and privacy and examined the theories related to each, then analyzed the content of the concept of privacy in housing and obtained a conceptual model of the research. In the second step, through field studies, case studies are examined and the realization of individual privacy and collective privacy in a sample of two groups of traditional houses (Darogheh house) and contemporary Iranian houses (father and daughter house). Has been studied. In the third step, through inferential analysis, privacy is compared in case samples and the obtained data are classified and presented in a table.
Conclusion: In the first step of this study, the spectrum of privacy in traditional and contemporary residential space has been studied and the findings show: on one side of the spectrum of privacy, individual privacy and on the other hand, collective privacy. While both belong to the same nature. Paying attention to one aspect of privacy alone creates spaces in which family members will either lose their privacy due to the lack of individual privacy or due to the lack of collective privacy necessary for social interactions and They do not have to be together. According to the issues raised in traditional houses, each member of the family was not assigned a private room, and due to the way the space was designed, the number of openings and entrances in each room was high, and this reduced and eliminated Going into solitude is personal; Also, in contemporary houses, with the disappearance of some spaces and also the personalization of spaces, collective solitude is eliminated and there is no tendency to gather together in a collective space. In the next step, through field studies, case studies (drug house and father and daughter house) are examined and the realization of individual and collective privacy in a sample of two groups of traditional houses and contemporary houses in Iran is studied. Is located. Analyzes show in the case study of a traditional house (drug house); The crypt has too much solitude, which leads to isolation, loneliness and boredom in this space; The kitchen and bathroom have a personal privacy that creates a personal space and a specific territory; The mezzanine, the winter solstice, the windbreak, and the window sill have a collective privacy that promotes interpersonal relationships with other family members and self-evaluation among others; The vestibule and the front have lost privacy, which creates a sense of congestion, aggression, and encroachment on the privacy of others. In the case of a contemporary house (father and daughter house); The warehouse has more privacy than needed, which leads to isolation, loneliness and boredom; The bedroom, the parents' room, and the bathroom have individual privacy that creates a border-area, personal independence, and personal space; The courtyard, kitchen and reception have a collective privacy that expands relationships with other family members; The hallway and the entrance filter have lost privacy, which causes congestion, encroachment and invasion on the privacy of family members.
Keywords
Traditional house
contemporary house
individual privacy
collective privacy
pharmacy house
father and daughter house

Subjects

-    Altman, Irwin. (2003), The environment and social behavior: privacy, personal speace , territory croeding, Translated by Ali Namazian, Shahid Beheshti University Press, Tehran.
-    Arjomand, Mahmoud; Khani, Somayeh, (2012), The role of privacy in the architecture of the Iranian house, Journal of Studies On Iranian-Islamic City, Volume 2, Number 7.
-    Amini, Neda; Norouzianpour, Hirbod, (2014), Privacy and Confidentiality Recognizing the differences and similarities of these two concepts in architecture and urban planning, Journal of Studies On Iranian-Islamic City, No. 15.
-    Ahri, Zahra; Habibi, Seyed Mohsen; Khosrokhavar, Farhad; Arjmandnia, Asghar, (1988), Minimum Housing, Tehran: Building and Housing Research Center of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development.
-    Bani Massoud, Amir, (2001), Contemporary Iranian Architecture, Honar-e Memari Publication.
-    Bemanian, Mohammad Reza; Zandi, Muslim, (1396), Iranian housing and lifestyle, Avvaloakhar publications.
-    Beheshti, Seyed Mohammad, (2007), Iranian House and Culture, Abadi Quarterly, No. 55.
-    Biranvand, Leila, (2016), Manifestation of the concept of privacy in Iranian homes, Rah-e Doktora Publications.
-    Bigdeli, Hamed; Bagheri, Mohammad; Asadi, Farrokh, (1397), The study of the role of privacy in the architecture of traditional houses, Journal of  Memarishenasi, Volume 1, Number 4.
-    Bates, A. (1964), Privacy- A useful concept? Social forces, Vol. 42, 432.
-    Becker, F. d. (1973). Study of spatial markers. Journal of personality and Social Psychology. 26 (3), 439-445.
-    Chermayeff, Serge Ivan‬; Alexander, Christopher, (1997), ‭Community and privacy towards a new architecture of humanitm, translated by Manouchehr Mozini, Institute of Publishing and Printing, University of Tehran.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
-    Chapin, F. S. (1951). Some housing factors related to mental hygiene. Journal of Social Issues, 7, 164-171.
-    Farkhoyar, Hossein, (2013), One Hundred Houses One Hundred Plans (Architectural features of old houses in historical contexts (hot and dry climate)), Islamic Azad University, Kashan Branch.
-    Forgus, Joseph, (1947), Interpersonal behaviour: The psychology of social interaction‬, translated by Khashayar Beigi and Mehrdad Firooz Bakht, 1994, Abjad, Tehran.
-    Ghobadian, Vahid, (2010), Climatic study of traditional Iranian buildings, University of Tehran Publishing Institute.
-    Gifford, Robert, (1999a), Psychology of Residential Environments, translated by Vahid Ghobadian, Journal of Architecture and Culture, No. 2.
-    Gifford, Robert, (1378b), Privacy (secrecy), translated by Akbar Sardari Zanouz, Journal of Architecture and Culture, No. 8.
-    Hojjat, Mehdi, (2008), a collection of speeches about the house, Naghsh Jahan Art Research Center.
-    Ismaili, Seyedeh Nahid; Shakoori, Reza, (2015), A Study of the Cultural Identity of Housing in Mashhad in Case Study: Historical House (Darogheh) and (Amiri), Third International Conference on Applied Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning.
-    Ittelson, W. h., Proshansky, H. M., & Rivlin, L. G. (1970). A study of bedroom use on two psychiatric wards. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 21 (6), 177-180.
-    Jurard, S. M. (1966), An exploratory study of body accessibility. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 221-231.
-    Khoshfar, Gholamreza, (1996), The application of social indicators in housing development, Journal of Housing and Revolution.
-    Khosravian, A. (June 15, 2021). Personal interview.
-    Khamenehzadeh, Hannaneh, (2017), An Introduction to the Concept of Privacy and How it is Realized in the House Life-World1 Comparative Study in Pre-modern and Modern Iranian Houses, Bagh-e Nazar Magazine, Fourteenth Year, No. 49.
-    Lang, Jan, (2015), Creating architectural theory: the role of behavioral, translated by Alireza Einifar, University of Tehran Press.
-    Marcus, Claire Cooper, (2003), The House as a Symbol of the Self, translated by Ahad Aliqlian, Khiyal Quarterly, No. 5.
-    Masaeli, Sedigheh, (2008), Hidden map as an achievement of religious beliefs in traditional Iranian desert housing, Journal of Fine Arts, No. 37, 27-38.
-    Miyawaki, Mayumi, (1997), Ten Questions from Eight Architects, translated by Judet et al. Consulting Engineers, Khak Publishing.
-    Moore, Charles. (1974), The Place of House, USA, University of California Press, California.
-    Norberg-Shulz, Christian, (2005),  The concept of dewlling: on the way to figurative architecture, Translated by Mahmoud Amiri Arrahmadiye, Tehran: Agah Publishing.
-    Nasiri, Negar, (2009), A comparative study on the conception of privacy in the Iranian Introverted House and the Western Extrovert House, Journal of Fine Arts, No. 39.
-    Pirnia, Mohammad Karim, (2008), Iranian Architecture, Soroush Danesh Publications.
-    Qasemzadeh, Massoud, (2010), The basic position of the room in housing design, Journal of Fine Arts, No. 41.
-    Rapoport, Amos, (2005), ‭‭‎The meaning of the built environment: An approach in non-verbal communication, translated by Farah Habib, Pardazesh and Urban Planning Company Publications.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
-    Rapoport, Amos. (1972), Some perspectives on human use and organization of space. Paper presented at Australian association of social anthropologists, Melbourne, Australia.
-    Schwarz, D. (1968). The social psychology of privacy. American Journal of Sociology, 73, 741-752.
-    Shils, E. (1966), Privacy: Its constitution and vicissitudes. Law and Contemporary Problems, 31, 281-305.
-    Simmel, G. (1950): The Secret and the Secret Society. In: Wolff, K. H. (Ed.), The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 307-376.
-    The Holy Quran, Surah An-Nahl, verse 40 and verse 80.
-    Westin, A. (1970), A privacy and freedom, New York: Atheneum.
Ferdows Art
Volume 2, Issue 5
Summer 2021
Pages 106-123